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Community/Public Health Nursing

Promoting the Health of Populations

SIXTH EDITION

Mary A. Nies, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAAHB Dean and Professor School of Nursing, Joint Appointment MPH Program, Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho

Melanie McEwen, PhD, RN, CNE, ANEF Associate Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Nursing, Houston, Texas

 

 

 

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Author Biographies

Contributors

Reviewers

Preface Unit 1. Introduction to Community Health Nursing

Chapter 1. Health: A Community View

Definitions of Health and Community

Determinants of Health and Disease

 

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Indicators of Health and Illness

Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health

Preventive Approach to Health

Definition and Focus of Public Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, and Community-Based Nursing

Population-Focused Practice and Community/Public Health Nursing Interventions

Community Health Nursing, Managed Care, and Health Reform

Learning Activities

Chapter 2. Historical Factors: Community Health Nursing in Context

Evolution of Health in Western Populations

Advent of Modern Health Care

Consequences for the Health of Aggregates

Social Changes and Community Health Nursing

Challenges for Community and Public Health Nursing

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 3. Thinking Upstream: Nursing Theories and Population- Focused Nursing Practice

Thinking Upstream: Examining the Root Causes of Poor Health

Historical Perspectives on Nursing Theory

How Theory Provides Direction to Nursing

Microscopic Versus Macroscopic Approaches to the Conceptualization of Community Health Problems

 

 

Assessing a Theory’s Scope in Relation to Community Health Nursing

Review of Theoretical Approaches

Healthy People 2020

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 4. Health Promotion and Risk Reduction

Health Promotion and Community Health Nursing

Determinants Of Health

Theories in Health Promotion

Risk and Health

The Relationship of Risk to Health and Health Promotion Activities

Summary

Learning Activities

Unit 2. The Art and Science of Community Health Nursing

Chapter 5. Epidemiology

Use of Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention

Calculation of Rates

Concept of Risk

Use of Epidemiology in Disease Prevention

Use of Epidemiology in Health Services

Epidemiological Methods

 

 

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 6. Community Assessment

The Nature of Community

Healthy Communities

Assessing the Community: Sources of Data

Needs Assessment

Diagnosing Health Problems

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 7. Community Health Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

Overview of Health Planning

Health Planning Model

Health Planning Projects

Health Planning Federal Legislation

Nursing Implications

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 8. Community Health Education

Connecting with Everyday Realities

Health Education in the Community

 

 

Learning Theories, Principles, and Health Education Models

The Nurse’s Role in Health Education

Enhancing Communication

Framework for Developing Health Communications

Health Education Resources

Social Media

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 9. Case Management

Overview of Case Management

Origins of Case Management

Purpose of Case Management

Utilization Review and Managed Care

Trends that Influence Case Management

Education and Preparation for Case Managers

Case Manager Services

Case Manager Roles and Characteristics

Case Identification

The Referral Process

Application of Case Management in Community Health

Research in Case Management

International Case Management

Summary

 

 

Learning Activities

Unit 3. Factors that Influence the Health of the Community

Chapter 10. Policy, Politics, Legislation, and Community Health Nursing

Overview: Nurses’ Historical and Current Activity in Health Care Policy

Definitions

A Major Paradigm Shift

Structure of the Government of the United States

Overview of Health Policy

Major Legislative Actions and the Health Care System

Public Policy: Blueprint for Governance

The Effective Use of Nurses: A Policy Issue

Nurses’ Roles in Political Activities

Health Care Reform and Restructuring of the Health Care Industry

Nurses and Leadership in Health Policy Development

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 11. The Health Care System

Overview: The Health Care System

Components of the Health Care System

Quality Care

 

 

Critical Issues in Health Care Delivery

Future of Public Health and the Health Care System

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 12. Economics of Health Care

Factors Influencing Health Care Costs

Public Financing of Health Care

Philanthropic Financing of Health Care

Health Care Insurance Plans

Cost Containment

Trends in Health Financing

Health Care Financing Reform

Roles Of the Community Health Nurse in the Economics of Health Care

Best Care at Lower Cost

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 13. Cultural Diversity and Community Health Nursing

Cultural Diversity

Transcultural Perspectives on Community Health Nursing

Population Trends

Cultural Perspectives and Healthy People 2020

Transcultural Nursing

 

 

Overview of Culture

Culture and Socioeconomic Factors

Culture and Nutrition

Culture and Religion

Culture and Aging

Cross-Cultural Communication

Health-Related Beliefs and Practices

Management of Health Problems: A Cultural Perspective

Management of Health Problems in Culturally Diverse Populations

Role of the Community Health Nurse in Improving Health for Culturally Diverse People

Resources for Minority Health

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 14. Environmental Health

A Critical Theory Approach to Environmental Health

Areas of Environmental Health

Effects of Environmental Hazards

Efforts to Control Environmental Health Problems

Emerging Issues in Environment Health

Approaching Environmental Health at the Population Level

Critical Environmental Health Nursing Practice

Summary

 

 

Learning Activities

Chapter 15. Health in the Global Community

Population Characteristics

Environmental Factors

Patterns of Health and Disease

International Agencies and Organizations

International Health Care Delivery Systems

Research in International Health

Health Initiatives Taking Place Throughout the World

Summary

Learning Activities

Unit 4. Aggregates in the Community

Chapter 16. Child and Adolescent Health

Issues of Pregnancy and Infancy

Childhood Health Issues

Adolescent Health Issues

Factors Affecting Child and Adolescent Health

Strategies to Improve Child and Adolescent Health

Public Health Programs Targeted to Children and Adolescents

Sharing Responsibility for Improving Child and Adolescent Health

Legal and Ethical Issues in Child and Adolescent Health

Summary

 

 

Learning Activities

Chapter 17. Women’s Health

Major Indicators of Health

Social Factors Affecting Women’s Health

Health Promotion Strategies for Women

Major Legislation Affecting Women’s Health

Health and Social Services to Promote the Health of Women

Levels of Prevention and Women’s Health

Roles of the Community Health Nurse

Research in Women’s Health

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 18. Men’s Health

Men’s Health Status

Use of Medical Care

Theories that Explain Men’s Health

Factors that Impede Men’s Health

Men’s Health Care Needs

Primary Preventive Measures

Secondary Preventive Measures

Tertiary Preventive Measures

Summary

 

 

Learning Activities

Chapter 19. Senior Health

Concept of Aging

Theories of Aging

Demographic Characteristics

Psychosocial Issues

Physiological Changes

Wellness and Health Promotion

Common Health Concerns

Additional Health Concerns

Elder Safety and Security Needs

Psychosocial Disorders

Spirituality

End-of-Life Issues

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 20. Family Health

Understanding Family Nursing

The Changing Family

Approaches to Meeting the Health Needs of Families

Approaches to Family Health

Assessment Tools

 

 

Family Health Assessment

Extending Family Health Intervention to Larger Aggregates and Social Action

Applying the Nursing Process

Summary

Learning Activities

Unit 5. Vulnerable Populations

Chapter 21. Populations Affected by Disabilities

Self-Assessment: Responses to Disability

Definitions and Models for Disability

A Historical Context for Disability

Characteristics of Disability

Disability and Public Policy

Costs Associated with Disability

Healthy People 2020 and The Health Needs of People with Disabilities

The Experience of Disability

Strategies for the Community Health Nurse in Caring for People with Disabilities

Ethical Issues for People Affected by Disabilities

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 22. Homeless Populations

Definitions, Prevalence, and Demographic Characteristics of Homelessness

 

 

Factors that Contribute to Homelessness

Health and Homeless Populations

Health Status of Homeless Population

Community Public Health Nursing: Care of Homeless Populations

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 23. Rural and Migrant Health

Rural United States

Rural

Rural Health Disparities: Context and Composition

Specific Rural Aggregates

Application of Relevant Theories and “Thinking Upstream” Concepts to Rural Health

Rural Health Care Delivery System

Community-Based Care

Legislation and Programs Affecting Rural Public Health

Rural Community Health Nursing

Rural Health Research

New Models of Health Care Delivery for Rural Areas

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 24. Populations Affected by Mental Illness

 

 

Overview and History of Community Mental Health: 1960 to the Present Day

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020: Mental Health and Mental Disorders

Factors Influencing Mental Health

Mental Disorders Encountered in Community Settings

Identification and Management of Mental Disorders

Community-Based Mental Health Care

Role of the Community Mental Health Nurse

Summary

Learning Activities

Unit 6. Population Health Problems

Chapter 25. Communicable Disease

Communicable Disease and Healthy People 2020

Principles of Infection and Infectious Disease Occurrence

Chain of Transmission

Breaking the Chain of Transmission

Public Health Control of Infectious Diseases

Vaccines and Infectious Disease Prevention

Vaccine Needs for Special Groups

Healthy People 2020 Focus on Immunization and Infectious Diseases

Healthy People 2020 Focus on Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Healthy People 2020 Focus on HIV/AIDS

Prevention of Communicable Diseases

 

 

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 26. Substance Abuse

Etiology of Substance Abuse

Historical Overview of Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use

Prevalence, Incidence, and Trends

Adolescent Substance Abuse

Conceptualizations of Substance Abuse

Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Substance Abuse

Course of Substance-Related Problems

Legal and Ethical Concerns Related to Substance Abuse

Modes of Intervention

Social Network Involvement

Vulnerable Aggregates

Nursing Perspective on Substance Abuse

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 27. Violence

Overview of Violence

History of Violence

Interpersonal Violence

Community Violence

 

 

Factors Influencing Violence

Violence from a Public Health Perspective

Prevention of Violence

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 28. Natural and Man-Made Disasters

Disaster Definitions

Types of Disasters

Characteristics of Disasters

Disaster Management

Disaster Management Stages

Summary

Learning Activities

Unit 7. Community Health Settings

Chapter 29. School Health

History of School Health

School Health Services

School Nursing Practice

School-Based Health Centers

Future Issues Affecting the School Nurse

Summary

Learning Activities

 

 

Chapter 30. Occupational Health

Evolution of Occupational Health Nursing

Demographic Trends and Access Issues Related to Occupational Health Care

Occupational Health Nursing Practice and Professionalism

Occupational Health and Prevention Strategies

Skills and Competencies of the Occupational Health Nurse

Impact of Federal Legislation on Occupational Health

Legal Issues in Occupational Health

Multidisciplinary Teamwork

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 31. Forensic and Correctional Nursing

Subspecialties of Forensic Nursing

Correctional Nursing

Health Issues in Prison Populations

Mental Health Issues in Correctional Settings

Education and Forensic Nursing

Summary

Learning Activities

Chapter 32. Faith Community Nursing

Faith Communities: Role in Health and Wellness

Foundations of Faith Community Nursing

 

 

Roles or Functions of the Faith Community Nurse

Education of the Faith Community Nurse

The Faith Community Nurse and Spirituality

Issues in Faith Community Nurse Practice

Summary

The post Community/Public Health Nursing appeared first on Infinite Essays.

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