Function or Dysfunction of Cells of Pancreas
Responses to classmates must consist of at least 350 words (not including the greeting and the references), do NOT repeat the same thing your classmate is saying, try to add something of value like a resource, educational information to give to patients, possible bad outcomes associated with the medicines discussed in the case, try to include a sample case you’ve seen at work and discuss how you feel about how that case was handled. Try to use supportive information such as current Tx guidelines, current research related to the treatment, anything that will enhance learning in the online classroom. Feedback loop for regulation of glucose and insulin: (Cesar) Feedback loops can be defined as a process in which certain changes in the system will trigger a certain result. Such change may either increase or decrease the changes in the system so it can go back to normal in order to maintain homeostasis (Bharath & Hanspeter, 2014). Feedback may be either positive feedback or negative feedback. Positive feedback occurs when the output of a system amplifies such system; negative feedback, by the other hand, causes the inhibition of the system as a response to the system’s output. The control of glucose by insulin is an example of negative feedback since the detection of high levels of glucose trigger the secretion of insulin in order to lower such levels (Bharath & Hanspeter, 2014).
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Glucose is one of the principal sources of energy for the human; it is obtained from the food. Glucose is absorbed by the small intestine into the blood and from there travels to the liver where will be transformed for metabolic purposes (Pia, Bingbing, Yixian & Weiping, 2016). The levels of glucose in blood vary according of the individual intake and the process that occur during and after digestion. First the body is in an absorptive state in which the levels of glucose will raise product of the recent intake. Such levels will fall after digestion is completed and the body enters into the post-absorptive state. The feedback loop of the for regulation of glucose and insulin starts in the absorptive state when the increase in the blood levels of glucose is detected by specialized cells in the pancreas, this alarm causes the increase the release of insulin into the blood(Rorsman & Aschcroft, 2017). Function or Dysfunction of Cells of Pancreas Insulin will stimulates cells, especially adipose and muscle cells, to take up glucose from the blood (Pia, Bingbing et al., 2016); this will help to reduce the existing levels of glucose in blood. When insulin binds to the cell’s insulin receptors, it triggers the increase number of glucose transporters. The more transporters are produced, the more glucose is transported into cells with a corresponding drop in blood glucose. Insulin has other effects on the cells, but all of them contribute to an increase in glucose usage and storage, thus a reduction in blood glucose (Rorsman & Aschcroft, 2017). QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION (Morrisa) 1- Does age play a role in function or dysfunction of the cells of the pancreas? 2- According to best practice by the American Diabetes Association, which Type 2 DM medication can: 1-decrease hepatic glucose production; 2-increase insulin sensitivity and resulting in; 3- increase the peripheral glucose uptake? Warm Regards, Cesar Almanza- Pathophysiology of the feedback loop Morrisa Gibson – Image with textbox, and questions. References Bharath, A. & Hanspeter, H. (2014). Positive feedback promotes oscillations in negative feedback loops. PLoS One, 9 (8), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104761 Kahn, S. E., Cooper, M. E., & Del Prato, S. (2014). Image: Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future. The Lancet, 383(9922), 1068-1083. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62154-6 Pia, V. R., Bingbing, W., Yixian, L. & Weiping, H. (2016). Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 48 (3), doi: 10.1038/emm.2016.6 Rorsman, P. & Aschcroft, F. M. (2017). Pancreatic ß-Cell electrical activity and insulin secretion: Of mice and men. Physiological Reviews, 98 (1), doi: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2017 Function or Dysfunction of Cells of Pancreas